CURRENT EVENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CURRENT EVENT - Essay Example Certain theorists have even stated that individuals even remain poor as they give up and submit to the culture experienced by the poor class. Individuals who become a part of this culture feel that they cannot change their economic scenario. They give up on the idea of competing and they feel that they are inferior to others and do not have the power to change things around. Sociologists are basically conducting a stereotypical behavior when they suggest that an individual remains poor due to his own activities. This is because not everyone in the poor class gives up or are not future oriented, those who get the option and chance try their best to turn their current economic conditions. The real reasons due to which an individual’s faces poverty are limited access to education and highly paid jobs. Several theorists even believe that individuals prefer not working at all in jobs that demand high amount of time and costs and they rather live on aid given to them by the governme nt, due to this the government’s aid has been questioned constantly. ... Scientific and psychological studies have even proved that poverty leads to major consequences such as elevated amount of stress, issues with family and work life and improper decision making. The bible pays emphasis to poverty and poor people, the bible has ordered Christians to help those people who are in need and this help is to be provided to them by those who are in better positions. Thus, it is the job of the wealthy to help the poor class; this will help in decreasing the difference between the economic conditions of the poor and the rich. According to conflict theorists, there is lot of wealth in current society and in these societies no individual should live without being able to acquire their basic necessities. They even stated that there is existence of poverty in the society just because those in power have the desire for poverty to exist (Zastrow, 1990, p508). They even believe that the poor people who are working are being paid very low salaries and wages just for the reason of ensuring that their employers remain wealthy at the expanse of poor working class. They even believe that people are unemployed because those who have the authority do not want these people to gain employment and that is why they keep standing against programs that can reduce the rate of unemployment. These programs include training sessions and education, these programs are rejected by the powerful because the powerful do not have the intention of giving away money as taxes and want to save that money even. Wealthy individuals fall in the category of people who are individualistic and they believe that individuals face poverty due to their own lack of efforts rather than the situations that are not in the control of these individuals. Wealthy individuals

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Discussion Questions - Essay Example Moreover, in some cases, business process changes are modified that are considered the root cause of the issues. Employees related to management should be well aware of various approaches for removing the weaknesses and select the best-suited method, according to the nature of business, resources and the control required over the process. Hence, all stakeholders must participate and show their interest in the selection process. Answer 2 In order to reduce cost on system development, organization purchase fourth generation tools or software packages. As the in-house ‘software development’ cost is high, organizations prefer to buy them from external software houses. Organizations may purchase the software from the vendors, outsourcing organization or application service providers. As business nature of the departments do not change at a rapid pace and are common in almost every organization including inventory control, general ledger, payroll processing and account receiva bles do not change over a long period of time. Applications that are purchased from external sources can be adjusted to the similar in nature business process of an organization. This is a cost saving factor, as applications are purchased from external sources along with customization and maintenance support, which is a responsibility of vendors. These factors conclude that the application software packages reduce the system development cost.

USA Foreign Policy and Intervention Essay Example for Free

USA Foreign Policy and Intervention Essay During the first half of the 1990s, many intervention operations were launched, including in Somalia. In general, their main aim of intervention in Somalia was to alleviate the conflict. Notwithstanding, the instruments that were used to achieve this goal were mainly military. The reaction of the Western military establishment, asked to intervene in armed conflicts in the developing world, has been to look at familiar concepts used in military training and operations (Deutsch 12). It has been argued that their outlook on armed conflict, dominated by Cold War inter-state war thinking, was at the heart of the many difficulties the intervening states faced in these interventions. What has gone wrong in Somalia, what could have been done differently and how to change approach? Answers to these problems range from instituting a different emphasis in the training of soldiers, to reform of the United Nations to deal with armed conflicts. Background and Overview At the beginning of 1992, Mohammed Siad Barre, who had ruled Somalia for two decades, was overthrown. At this time civil war and starvation grasped Somalia. In January of 1992, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution. This resolution called to cease fire a political settlement of the conflict (Duyvesteyn 78). In March this cease-fire went into effect. However, already by August â€Å"as many as 1. 5 million of an estimated Somali population of 6 million were threatened with starvation, with approximately 300,000 Somalis already having died, including roughly 25 percent of all children under the age of five† (Duyvesteyn 80). In April, the Security Council created a modest military operation. However, negotiations with Somali factions detained the implementation of the operation. On July 27, the Security Council voted to airlift food to Somalia, and on August 12 the U. N. announced plans to send 500 troops to protect the international relief effort. On August 14, the White House announced that the United States would take charge of the airlift (Duyvesteyn 90). The 500 troops arrived in September—â€Å"with the support of four U. S. warships carrying 2,100 Marines†Ã¢â‚¬â€but proved unable to do much to protect the relief effort (Duyvesteyn 78). In November, U. N. secretary general Boutros Boutros-Ghali declared the Security Council that the relief measures were not working. On November 26, the Bush administration decided that the United States to send troops to Somalia. For this the Security Council had to pass an authorizing resolution. On December 3 the Security Council passed the resolution. On October 3-4, 1993, eighteen U. S. soldiers were killed and dozens were wounded in a fierce firefight in Mogadishu, Somalia. Their deaths were the direct result of U. S. leadership in a series of United Nations -sanctioned military interventions in Somalia that. With the Cable News Network (CNN) providing almost instantaneous transmission to audiences in the U. S. and abroad, the victorious Somali forces not only paraded a captured U. S. helicopter pilot, Corporal William Durant, through the streets of Mogadishu, but also dragged the naked corpse of a U. S. soldier past mobs of Somali citizens who vented their anger by spitting on, stoning, and kicking the body (Freidman 2). These media images triggered a firestorm of public debate that asked, in the words of one journalist: â€Å"How did an operation that began with American soldiers feeding starving Somalis wind up with an American soldiers corpse being dragged through the streets of Mogadishu by Somalis starving only for revenge? † The visceral response of the American public was to demand an immediate withdrawal of U. S. military forces. â€Å"Its really very simple,† explained Tony Bright, an emergency health care administrator who captured the public wave of protest against any further U. S. involvement in Somalia. â€Å"If I have to choose between pictures of starving Somalian babies or dead American soldiers being dragged through the streets of Mogadishu, well, I dont want to see any more dead Americans. Sorry. Its time to bring the boys home† (Ayres 3). The Somalia case presents a splendid opportunity to examine U. S. decision making in the post-cold war period. The implementation of Operation Restore Hope constituted the first time that the U. S. had supported a peacemaking (as opposed to a peacekeeping) operation under the auspices of the U. N. and without the approval of the sovereign government of the target country. The case is also unique in that the U. S. experience had a negative impact on the way U. S. policy makers perceived the viability of future U. S. involvement in peacemaking operations in Africa and the other regions of the Third World, most notably the U. S. ability to resolve ethnic strife and the practicality of launching joint U. S. -U. N. military operations. High-Level Neglect in the Bush Administration The first phase of U. S. policy lasted from January 1991 to December 1992. In this phase presidential and congressional attention focused mainly on the Gulf War. This phase involved leadership from the traditional foreign policy bureaucracy, especially the State Departments Africa Bureau. The decline of cold war tensions ensured that neither the Somali civil war nor the impending overthrow of the Siad regime attracted the ongoing attention of the White House, despite the fact that President Bush had to authorize the emergency evacuation of U. S. embassy personnel in Mogadishu. Humanitarian Crisis and Military Intervention under Bush In the late fall of 1992, the second phase of U. S. policy began. It involved high-level attention to what was perceived to be an accelerating crisis in Somalia. Images of a humanitarian disaster displayed daily in practically every media outlet. Congressional and public criticism was increasing. White House attention focused on Somalia shortly after the 1992 election. As a consequence of high-level White House reviews in November 1992, President Bush and his top advisers devised a plan to deal with the events in Somalia. In sharp contrast to the limited objectives associated with Operation Provide Relief, Bush announced on December 4, 1992, that his administration was prepared to lead a massive multilateral military operation to â€Å"create a secure environment† for the distribution of famine relief aid. Five days later the first contingent of U. S. troops led by three teams of navy SEALS (sea-air-land commandos) landed on the beaches of Mogadishu and secured the airport and the port. The U. S. military operation popularly was referred to as Operation Restore Hope and known in U. N. circles as the United Task Force (UNITAF). The operation was sanctioned by U. N. Security Council Resolution 794. In the weeks that followed, over 38,000 foreign troops from twenty countries (including approximately 25,000 U. S. military personnel) occupied various cities and towns throughout central and southern Somalia. The troops began the task of opening food supply routes, as well as creating distribution networks. The UNITAF ground forces were under the direct command of Lieutenant General Robert Johnston, chief of staff to General Norman Schwarzkopf during Operation Desert Storm, who reported to General Joseph P. Hoar, commander of the U. S. Central Command (CENTCOM) (Scott 65).

The Recycling Of Metals Engineering Essay

The Recycling Of Metals Engineering Essay In our report we are discussing about recycling of metals and why we go in for recycling it. Also we have chosen five metals namely steel, aluminum, copper, lead, and tungsten which are recycled efficiently during the recycling process and discuss about the method of processing and benefits of recycling process. Metals play an important part in modern societies and have historically been linked with industrial development and improved living standards. Society can draw on metal resources from Earths crust as well as from metal discarded after use in the economy [1]. Metals are highly recyclable materials because their intrinsic properties dont change much on repeated recycling. If we increase their reuse and recycling the metals have a potential to improve resource productivity, and to reduce energy use, some emissions, and waste disposal. Improper recovery of metals from the economy increases reliance on primary resources and can impact nature by increasing the dispersion of metals in ecosystems. What is metal recycling? Metal recycling is the process of reusing old metal material, mainly aluminum and steel, to make new products. Recycling old metal products uses 95% less  energy  than manufacturing it from new materials [2]. Why metal recycling? It is easy and cost-effective to recycle metal, and metal can be recycled continuously without losing its properties. Therefore recycling metal reduces the environmental impacts associated with metal mining and production.   2. Materials and Methods a. Aluminum Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the world and also one of the most recycled a fact that can be attributed to the strong price it commands in worldwide commodities markets. It is estimated that over 50% of aluminum cans produced will be recycled, with some countries having a recovery rate of greater than 90%. Aluminum is a sustainable metal because of its high recovery rate and recyclability, with 2/3 of all the aluminum ever produced in use today. i. Applications of aluminum Electrical conductors, transport, packaging, building and architecture, miscellaneous applications such as high pressure gas cylinders, machined components, sporting equipment, road barriers and signs and lithographic plates ii. Recycling of Aluminum The recycling of aluminum provides many environmental and economic benefits. Aluminum recycling saves a substantial amount of energy. Aluminum is a sustainable metal and can be recycled repeatedly for any number of times. It is also the most valuable recycled product that we humans consume. The marketing of aluminum enables the municipalities to reduce some of the cost of recycling of other less valuable products, which provides an economic necessity to recycle. In these days, it is cheaper, faster and more energy saving and also efficient to recycle aluminum than the olden days. Aluminum, being 100 percent recyclable can be recycled indefinitely. The process of recycling aluminum cans is described below [3]; Aluminum cans and other such wastes are collected from house wastes and by municipal garbage. Using a device called eddy current separator, the wastes are sorted when it arrives to company. The eddy current electrically charges and causes it to repel from the device in to a sorting stream and then is passed on in to an awaiting bin. Then these are condensed into highly dense, briquettes weighing 30-pound or bales of 1,200-pound. This is then shipped off to aluminum companies for melting and further processing. Once the condensed briquettes and bales arrives to the aluminum companies, it is shredded, crushed and torn off of their inside and outside decorations through a simple process of burning. Then, these palm sized pieces of aluminum are loaded into furnaces for melting, where the recycled metal is blended along with the new, virgin aluminum. Aluminum is melted and then poured ingot moulds and is cast in to ingots. It is then arranged in to 25-foot long ingots that weigh over 30,000 pounds. These ingots are then fed into rolling mills which reduce the thickness of the metal from about 20 inches into sheets that are about 10/1,000 of an inch thick. These metal sheets are then coiled and shipped to can makers that produce cans and other related products. These processed cans are then delivered for the filling of beverages to companies. Molten furnaceThe filled cans are then distributed to stores and supermarkets for sales. The consumers then consume it and is then put in to bins or collecting centres. Then the cans enter the recycling cycle and the whole process repeated. A used can gets back in to the stores shelves in as little as 60 days. Reverse mill products aluminum Aluminum plant plant Aliuminum plant process scrap Used aluminum products Aluminum ingot output Ingot cast Molten aluminum Aluminum scrap are collected iii. Applications of recycled aluminum Transportation Equipment, Containers and Packaging, Construction Materials, Durable Goods iv. Benefits of recycling aluminum [4] Conserves energy Manufacturing aluminum from virgin ore consumes a huge amount of energy in each and every step from metallurgy to casting which increases our dependence on fossil fuels. Recycling aluminum saves 92 percent of the energy needed to produce aluminum from bauxite ore. A single aluminum can, when recycled saves the amount of energy that is equivalent to the energy that is needed to power a television set for 3 hours. Conserves raw material Main source for the aluminum industry is the aluminum scrap because of its recycling nature. The recycled aluminum saves 4 tons of bauxite ore and 1,500 pounds of petroleum coke and pitch for every ton of re-melted aluminum instead of extracting. Reduces Pollution Recycling aluminum requires only less energy than manufacturing so, it means reduced greenhouse emissions. Also it reduces secondary effects on the environment, such as global warming and acid rain. Therefore recycling aluminum instead of extracting virgin ore eliminates nearly about 95 percent of air pollution and 97 percent of water pollution. b. Copper Copper is the ancient and most used metal by man. After iron and aluminum, copper is the most leading metal produced in the market. Copper is very commonly used in electrical and plumbing applications. Since number of electrical components are used in our day to day life, the application of copper increases day by day. Copper is used directly or as an alloy with iron (Bronze). Many ancient aircrafts are made of bronze. Most of the raw materials have alloys added to their base metal. i. Applications of copper Comparing to other metals, copper is more often used in its pure form than alloys. Copper have high resistance to corrosion and high electrical and thermal conductivity in the pure form which makes it suitable for most of the electrical, heating and plumbing applications. ii. Recycling of copper Casting the molten metal Temp 11600C into billets Molten furnace 99% pure Cu Extrusion process into tubes Collection and sorting of the scrap In Europe, 41% of copper for its applications are obtained from recycling [5]. Recycling of copper is done by the following steps. The scraps rich in copper are waste electrical and electronic equipments, old taps, plumbing pipes and scraps from copper/copper alloy production and manufacturing. So these scraps are first collected, sized and sorted. These sorted scraps are then melted, casted and then made into new copper products. When the copper scraps are received for recycling, it is first visually inspected, graded and analyzed chemically if necessary. Loose scraps are baled and stored until processed. High grade copper scraps are melted directly, but in some cases it is brought to higher purity when it is in a molten state while refining. It is then followed by deoxidization and then casted into billets or ingots for further production process. Temperature is reduced to 6000C optimal extrusion Wired into different diameters for several applications iii. Benefits of copper recycling [5] Environment Continuous mining may reduce the strength of the soil. The refining process will emit some dust particles along with some waste gases such as sulphur dioxide etc which will have some harmful effects on the environment. Even though many copper producers are involved in minimizing these harmful effects (sulphur dioxide is captured and used to make sulphuric acid) it is not possible to eliminate them completely. So the recycling process will enhance for this as a whole. Landfill costs If the used materials are not recycled, it will be sent for landfills. It is same in the case of copper where the non recycled copper materials are dumped as a whole in the earth called landfill. Once if we are continuously involved in increasing the content of landfill, it becomes very difficult to dispose those materials if it becomes full. Energy saving In general, the energy required for extracting one ton of copper from its ore is approximately 100GJ. But the energy required for producing same amount of copper from recycling is only 10GJ, which is only 10% of the energy needed for extraction. This results in saving a number of valuable reserves such as coal, natural gas etc. Conservation Currently 12% of known copper resources have been mined. However the number is finite and it makes sense to conserve these ores by recycling. The recycling efficiency of copper is about 40 to 60%. Economics Recycling copper is very economical compared to mine and extract new copper. Recycled copper saves 90% of the cost of the original copper which obviously helps to keep the cost of copper products down. c. Steel Steel  is an alloy mostly consists of  iron and carbon  content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight [7]. Steel is normally produced by smelting iron ore which is a commercial process where it contains more carbon and to become steel, it must be melted and reprocessed to reduce the amount of carbon and other elements are added, the liquid is then  continuously cast  into long slabs or  cast  into  ingots .Steel is mostly used in engineering and construction materials. It is very friendly to the environment and completely recyclable due to high durability, less energy consumption. i. Applications of steel Iron and steel are most widely used in the construction of roads, railways, other infrastructure appliances and buildings.Steel is used in variety of other  construction  materials, such as bolts,  nails, and  screws [10]. ii. Recycling of steel The unique magnetic properties of steel make it an easy material to recover from the waste so it can be recycled. The properties of the steel remain unchanged no matter how many times they are recycled. Steel recycling saves 75 percent of the energy which would be used to create steel from raw materials, enough to power 18 million homes. Over 65 percent of the steel produced in the U.S. is recycled into new steel every year. Steel is recycled in the following process. Collecting: The steel scraps are collected first from the companies; households etc†¦Then are taken to the recycling industry. Shredding: After it has reached the recycling plant the collected scraps are shredded into pieces. Magnetic Separation: The shredded pieces reach the magnetic separation process where the steel is attracted to magnet and gets separated from other metals. De tinning:   Steel cans normally have a layer of tin on them, where tin can is recycled on its own. This is usually carried out in specialized steel company, such as a steel mill or a scrap dealer. Melting: The separated steels scarps are the kept in a furnace for melting and hence the melted steel is casted and rolled into flat sheets.   Reformation:   Once the steel is in sheet form, it can be molded into products such as new steel cans, car parts or construction materials. Steel can be recycled infinitely without losing its strength or quality. iii. Applications of Recycled steel The recycled steel are used in appliances, Bridges Cans, Cars/trucks, Construction materials, Desks, File cabinets, Fire hydrants, Guard rails, Utility poles. iv. Benefits of recycling steel [9] Conservation of Natural Resources The recycling process in less expensive when compared with the manufacturing and also ecofriendly. Therefore using scrap steel helps preserve natural resources and energy. According to the Steel Recycling Institute, for every ton of steel recycled, 2,500 pounds of iron ore, 1,400 pounds of coal and 120 pounds of limestone are conserved. By recycling, the steel industry also conserves a huge amount of energy, thus the energy can be used for other useful purposes. Landfill Space Recycling steel helps in saving landfill space by diverting steel from the waste stream. Reduces Air and water pollution Manufacturing steel from its virgin ore involves the emission of greenhouse gases, which contribute to global warming. Therefore using recycled steel generates 85 percent fewer emissions. Using scrap steel as a raw material in a steel mill can diminish water pollution by 76 percent and its mining waste by 97 percent said by Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries. Economically Advantageous Recycling the old steel into new steel than manufacturing steel completely from virgin ore is more profitable. d. Lead Lead is an element with a symbol Pb and has an atomic number of 82. It is very soft and malleable in nature. It comes under the category of heavy metals. Lead as a metal has a bluish-white color when it is freshly cut, but the color soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when it is exposed to air. Lead forms in to a shiny chrome-silver luster when it is melted into a liquid. Melting point of lead is 327.46 degree Celsius and a boiling point of 1749 degree Celsius. It is also known for its density which is 11.34g/cubic meter. Another important property of lead is that it is resistant to corrosion [11] i. Applications of lead Lead is used in ballast keel of sailboats and also in scube diving belts due to its property of high density. It is also used to cast small arms and ammunition and shotgun pellets. Lead is also used in printing. Since it is a non corrosion metal it suitable for outdoor applications when in contact with water. It is used in statues and sculptures and also in construction industry. Apart from all these, more than half of the worldwide lead production is used as electrodes in the lead-acid battery used extensively as a car battery. ii. Recycling of lead [13] Following are the recycling process. Receiving Batteries and recyclable raw materials are unloaded, weighed and sent to raw material processing center. Separation Batteries are broken apart in the hammer mill, and separated into three main components-leads, plastic and acid-by screening and gravity separation. Each component moves into a separate processing stream. Containment After initial processing, recovered lead and other lead wastes are stored in a specially designed containment building with a double-lined floor and leak-detection system. Purification The Waste water purification and treatment system neutralizes, purifies and converts the sulphuric acid into a pH- neutral liquid that is safely released into the sewer system. Smelting and refining After the lead is melted in blast furnaces, we mix the reclaimed lead with other materials to produce lead alloys. Casting Refined lead is poured into molds and cooled. Ingot molds come in three size large blocks (hogs), rectangular bars (pigs), and tube-shaped (billets). iii. Benefits of recycling lead Mining of lead requires energy of about 1000 TJ whereas recovering of lead from batteries and other sources requires only about 12.9 TJ. We clearly see that we save nearly 77 times the energy in the recovering process. Recycling lead also releases less amount of carbon dioxide when compared to the process of mining of lead from ore. To be accurate, recycling process gives 1.5Kt CO2 while the mining process gives 163Kt CO2 .This clearly shows the reduction in the amount of emission of green house gases to more than 100 times. Mineral resources are saved. Land resources are also saved from making it in to landfills. Lead recycling gives almost 100% efficiency. e. Tungsten recycling [14] Tungsten is a chemical element with a chemical symbol W and an atomic weight of 74. Tungsten is a whitish-gray metal and is one of the heaviest metals that have the highest melting point of any element except carbon; excellent high-temperature mechanical properties. The average concentration of tungsten in the Earths crust is estimated to be approximately0.0001%. The available ores for extracting tungsten are Scheelite (CaWO4) and Wolframite [(Fe, Mn) WO4].The leading use was as tungsten carbide in cemented carbides are use to make cutting tools and also as wear-resistant components by the construction, metalworking, mining, and oil drilling industries. Tungsten alloy or pure tungsten metal contacts, electrodes, and wires are used in electrical, electronic, heating, lighting, and welding applications. Tungsten alloys and composites are used as a substitute for lead in bullets and shot. Tungsten chemicals are used to make catalysts, corrosion-resistant coatings, dyes and pigments, fir e-resistant compounds, high-temperature lubricants, and phosphors. As on today, the market rate for the tungsten ore is $16.25 per pound. This clearly shows the demand and the necessity for the metal. We have seen previously that only 0.0001 percent of ore is present over the earths crust and the price too being very expensive brings about the necessity of recovering and recycling from used mediums. This can save a lot of resources, energy required for mining ores and its processing to get the metal. Thus we clearly see recycling and recovering serves a great way for saving tungsten recourses. i. Recycling process Recycling of tungsten has been done since early 90s. We evidently are having a good progress in this recycling process. There are many ways to recycle the metal. But it depends on the type of scrap we choose to recover it from. The types of scraps are given below: Old scrap It consists of tungsten-bearing products that are worn out. Used cemented carbide parts like metal cutting tools, some tungsten metal and tungsten alloy parts from electrical equipments. Old super alloy scrap includes used turbine blades and other parts removed from jet engines. It also includes some tool steel components. New scrap It is generated during the processing of tungsten concentrates, scrap, and chemicals to make metal powder and during the fabrication of tungsten products from these materials. This includes hard scrap consisting of solid pieces, such as sub specification alloy parts and cemented carbide parts, soft scrap consists of fine particles, such as bag house dust from steel and alloy manufacture. Unrecovered scrap It represents tungsten in scrap that has not been recycled. Some of its examples include burned out lamps and lighting fixtures, electrical contact disks, land filled spent catalysts and low-grade grinding swarfs, non collectable carbide parts, tungsten carbide hard facing materials, and welding electrode stubs. Processing of alloy scraps The oxidation-reduction process is the preferred method for recycling tungsten heavy metal alloy turnings and powders. In this direct recycling process, the scrap is oxidized by heating it in air at 800 ° C, milled and screened, hydrogen reduced between 900 ° to 1,000 °C, screened, blended, and then mixed with virgin heavy metal alloy powder to make a ready-to-press powder for the production of new products. Processing of cemented carbide scrap Cemented carbide producers supply scrap directly to converters, who return recycled powders to them for reuse. The processing method involves oxidation followed by alkali leaching. Cemented carbide scrap could be recycled by semi direct methods, such as acid leaching, bloating followed by leaching, electrolysis, or leach-milling. Processing of pure tungsten powder scraps Pure tungsten metal scrap could be recycled by using the following method. Electrolysis, which uses the scrap as an anode in an electrolytic solution, then chemical processing in which melting is followed by oxidation-reduction. Processing of thoriated tungsten scrap Thoriated tungsten electrodes are also used in a variety of high-performance and special application lighting products, such as high-intensity discharge lamps. The scrap is oxidized in air and then either reduced with iron by using a silicothermic or aluminothermic process to make ferrotungsten or processed chemically to make APT. The thorium oxide, which ends up in the slag in the production process is sent to a low-level radiation depository. Cleaned thoriated tungsten powders, solids, and turnings, which are generated as new scrap during the production of thoriated tungsten products or, in the case of solids, as old scrap by consumers, are processed by using the oxidation-reduction method. ii. Benefits of recycling tungsten †¢Recovering tungsten this way enables us to save two-third of energy we spend for mining new tungsten from the ore. That is we spend only one-third of energy for recovering Tungsten when compared to mining. †¢Recycle efficiency of tungsten is 66% †¢CO2 emission is sustained there by contributing its merit to green house effect. †¢Saves mineral resource i.e 0.0001% of tungsten in earths crust What are the Benefits of metal recycling? Get paid for you give to scrap metal recycling facilities. Emission of green house gases gets reduced. Aluminum and steel can be recycled repeatedly. Decreases environmental damage caused by mining Conserves land and water resource. Things to be done The secondary metal production is been affected by environmental regulation through laws that control emissions and govern the classification and treatment of metal-loaded wastes. Also industry must develop better technology to isolate and recover maximum value from metals in waste streams, and governments must institute policies that remove barriers to their economically and environmentally. Only through a cooperative effort can society recover a maximum amount of metal from the industrial/social system to benefit the environment. Conclusions Recycling of metals helps us to make sustained use of metals. It conserves energy, natural resources, therefore reduces pollution. Due to the unique valuable properties metals will remain an integral part of future industrial society. Decades of increased productivity and more efficient technologies for metals production and use has decreased the share claimed by the primary and secondary metals industries. Many recycling techniques should be carried out so that the environmental benefits gets increasing on the reliance on secondary metal production include conserving energy, landscapes, and natural resources, and reducing toxic and nontoxic waste streams. If every country embraces it, a global impact will be achieved.

Human Resource Management Essay -- Business, International Human Resou

Human resources are considered to be a potential source for competitive advantage. It is seen as the accumulation stock of knowledge; skills and abilities that individual possess which the firm has built over years through identifiable expertise (Cappelli and Singh, 1992). The success of firms can be measured from the ability to synthesise the firm’s HR with strategic objectives of the organisation. According to Klein et al. (1991:11), ‘If expertise manifestation behaviour is consistent on the formation of skills, it becomes a basis for competitive advantage’. The scholar further argues that a dedicated skill comes from employees’ continuous application of skills to a particular tasks, product and project. Through learning and strategic combinations of dedicated skills, skills are then transforms to core skills which then can promote new product and new market (). These resource capabilities are indeed helpful for MNC exploiting developing market to gain co mpetitive advantage and hereby increasing market share. However, there have been various strategic plans by MNC to successfully gain competitive advantage in developing market taking into account theoretical frameworks and issues emanating from parent company and host county-specific. The field of international human resources management has been characterised by three broad approaches which gives an insight on cross-cultural management issues (Laurent, 1986), comparative HRM research (Brewster, 1998; Hendry, 2003), and international HRM in multinational corporations. The latter is commonly recognised as international HRM which involves diverse complexities due to diversity of national contexts and different national categories of employees (Dowling and Welch, 2004). An impor... ...n et at. (1991), specifically and critically view IHR strategic relationship between the parent company and its subsidiaries. This relationship can be viewed in two ‘fits’. The first fit is the external-outside organisational fit which encompasses the level of fit between the subsidiaries IHR undertakings and the cross-national and cross-cultural environment that is operating in which includes across it boundaries. On the other hand, internal-outside fit is viewed as IHR activities of the subsidiary and the IHR activities across other MNC within its boundaries. In summary, this business strategy possess that a subsidiary needs to put into consideration its roles and standing within the MNC and well as its place amongst the local, national and global environment when developing IHR strategies. This business strategy consideration is illustrated on Figure 2.

Father-son Relationships and Conflicts in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

Father-son Relationships and Conflicts in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman In many literary works, family relationships are the key to the plot. Through a family’s interaction with one another, the reader is able decipher the conflicts of the story. Within a literary family, various characters play different roles in each other’s lives. These are usually people that are emotionally and physically connected in one way or another. They can be brother and sister, mother and daughter, or in this case, father and son. In the Arthur Miller’s novel, Death of A Salesman, the interaction between Willy Loman and his sons, Happy and Biff, allows Miller to comment on father-son relationships and the conflicts that arise from them. Â  During most father-son relationships, there are certain times where the father wants to become more of a "player" in his son’s life than his son believes is necessary. The reasons for this are numerous and can be demonstrated in different ways. Miller is able to give an example of this behavior through the actions of Willy Loman. When Biff comes home to recollect himself, Willy perceives it as failure. Since Willy desperately wants his oldest son, Biff, to succeed in every way possible, he tries to take matters into his own hands. "I’ll get him a job selling. He could be big in no time" (16). The reason that Biff came home is to find out what he wants in life. Because Willy gets in the way, matters become more complicated. Partly due to Willy’s persistence in Biff’s life, they have conflicting ideas as to what the American dream is. Willy believes that working on the road by selling is the greatest job a man could have (81). Biff, however, feels the mo st inspiring job a man could have is working outdoors (22). When their two dreams collide, it becomes frustrating to Willy because he believes that his way is the right way. If a father becomes too involved in his son’s life, Miller believes friction will be the resultant factor. As unfortunate as it is, there are many instances where a father favors one son over another, which leads to social conflicts within the less-favored son. In most cases it is the oldest son that is being favored while the younger son is ignored. Usually the father doesn’t even realize what is happening. He simply gets too caught up in the successes of his eldest son and he may even try to live out his life through his son’s experiences.

Business Studies †Recruitment Essay

The purpose of the recruitment and selection process is to acquire a suitable number of employees with appropriate skills, in order to meet the man power requirements of the organisation. It is in the interests of the firm to achieve this goal at a minimum cost in terms of both time and resources. Businesses use several standard documents in the recruitment process, below are some of the key documentation used by businesses during recruitment. Authority to recruit – Once it is established that there is a need to fill a vacant post, managers need to know whether there is sufficient budget to cover the cost of the vacancy, although McDonalds are a large company they will have budgets for all their costs, this includes having a cash limits on recruiting as each employee costs à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½130 to train, this means authority to fill the post must be given before the recruitment process. Job Descriptions A job description should be created for every job role. This document should set out the overall purpose of the job and the key tasks and responsibilities of the post. Structure and components of a job description Component Function Job Title This should be a short descriptive title that explains the nature of the job, such as customer service assistant or senior team leader. Purpose Usually a one sentence summary of why the role exists: for example, to provide customer service support to retail sales team. Key Tasks These should be specific activities and described clearly using action words: for example, to co-ordinate, calculate and produce sales reports. Scope Of The Role Gives the boundary of responsibility: that is, who the job holder is responsible to, and who they are responsible for. This section should also list any budgetary responsibilities. Special Requirements Specific requirements such as shift r flexible work patterns, travelling requirements, essential languages and professional qualifications. A person specification is not a legal requirement but will be useful when writing a job advertisement and defining the qualities you are looking for in a candidate. Include the knowledge, experience and skills you would like them to have, separating those which are essential for the job from those which are desirable. It’s essential not to discriminate. A person specification describes the requirements a job holder needs to be able to perform the job satisfactorily. These are likely to include: – Education and qualifications – Training and experience – Personal attributes / qualities A job description describes the job; a person specification describes the person needed to do the job. A person specification can, therefore, form the basis for the selection of the most suitable person to fill the job. All job advertisements should be consistent with the job description and the person specification, which should be prepared well in advance before any position is advertised. All advertisements should be worded to attract suitable candidates who match the essential job and person criteria, and should provide a positive public image of the business. A business needs to make sure it attracts a sufficient number of suitably qualified applicants to apply for the job. So it needs to advertise in the right places. One of the key decisions a business like McDonalds needs to make is whether to restrict the job to internal or to invite applications from people outside the company. There are benefits in keeping recruitment in – house: it is cheaper, it can be good for staff morale, and all applicants will already be familiar with the business. However, by looking for external applicants, companies will be able to draw from a much wider pool of talent and, obviously, all businesses need fresh blood at some stage. Below shows the options for advertising vacancies a company like McDonalds may use. Internal Advertisements External Advertisements On Company Notice boards Newspapers – Local Or National In A Company Newsletter Contact with schools, colleges and universities In A Internal Vacancy Bulletin Specialist Magazines On The Premises In he Form Of A Poster Job Centres E-mail To All ( Or Selected ) Staff Internet – Company Website Recruitment Agencies Recruitment Or Job Fairs Radio And Television Advertisements A job advertisement for McDonalds should include * Job title and job description * Title and description of the organisation * Location of the work and any travel involved * Type of person required (qualifications/experience * Pay, conditions, benefits ( to be competitive and make the post appealing ) * How to apply ( such as a complete application form, send in CV and letter of application ) * Timescale (closing date for receipt of applications). The advert could also include other material that might attract a wider net of suitable candidates. For example, it might briefly outline the philosophy of the organisation, its positive attitude to disabled people, or its commitment to family – friendly policies. In general, the advert should be presented so that it captures reader’ attention, arouses interest in the company, creates desire and incites readers to action. A good advertisement will attract prospective candidates but deter those who would be unsuitable to meet the specifications of the job. It is also essential that the job advert conforms with equal opportunities legislation. There are several different methods used by businesses to compile a short list of candidates. Most typically, applicants are asked to return curriculum vitae (CV), a completed application form or a letter of application. Sometimes they are asked to supply two, and occasionally all three, of these different means of job application. These applications are then used to assess the strengths and weaknesses of applicants, which allow the business to draw up a short list to go through to the final stage of the selection process. At this point, there is a further piece of recruitment documentation used within the interview process – a form of recording and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of each candidate during the interview. This is considered as part of an in – depth look at interview techniques. The whole interview process is very important for McDonalds because they want their organisation to attract and recruit the highest calibre people available. Having recruited them it’s crucial that McDonalds then go on to develop and motivate them, meaning they can perform to their highest potential. McDonalds are keen to give recognition to their staff and reward them according, this then motivates them to work harder and achieve more with McDonalds, this is done by giving them a employee discount card, they also give them service awards every 3, 5, 10, 20 years you have stayed with McDonalds, each time they will get something special, such as a holiday trip, more time off work, McDonalds will then hope that this scheme will keep employees on board for many years, as there’s always something else for the employee to achieve, having employees stay longer for McDonalds is also a priority so for them, this is because it saves a lot of money as they don’t have to go through the recruiting and training process, for employees to stay longer they will try to recruit friends or family members of existing employees. Another scheme they use to give recognition and to motivate staff is employee of the month / year awards. This rewards consistent hard workers by giving extended holidays and by also putting their name, picture and McDonalds location on a plaque with other contenders for the award, McDonalds know there are other fast foods stores potential employees could join, so that’s the reason why McDonalds offer competitive pay and benefits to their staff, for instance in the first year alone McDonalds offer 3 pay reviews, so if a member of staff has excelled they will get an pay rise as an incentive to work, added to this they also get a private healthcare and free life assurance after 1 year. At McDonalds the staff can become bored due to the repetitiveness of the work, therefore McDonalds need to ensure that their employees are motivated and there is good morale, otherwise they can potentially suffer of poor performance, as a result poor performance can lose the business a lot of money and may deter customers away from there branch. So to make sure employees are happy with their job McDonalds may consider introducing job rotation to the member of staff if they feel he/she is capable. E.g. more outgoing people are more suited to working on the tills and checking over customers, while less talkative or those who can handle pressure are better suited to working in the kitchen area. Motivating staff isn’t just about incentives, it has much to do with the way employers treat and manage staff. Give your staff Purpose Responsibility Empower staff to carry out decision making within the job role. Delegate control and responsibility to the team leaders or supervisors for managing their team. Goals Provide the staff with clear goals that are both challenging and achievable. Resources Ensure staffs are provided with the resources they need to carry out their work effectively. Support Provide support for to the staff, including training and guidance with open and frank communication. Variety The very spice of life! McDonalds should give there staff some element of variety to avoid boredom in their work. Fairness It’s important the branch manager is seen to be fair respected. Regular talk time Through talking on a regular basis, the manager will soon be alerted to any issues that may affect the staff’s short term performance. Encouragement Encouragement to the staff to put forward their ideas and suggestions are important, as this enables the staff to feel that the managers trust them and their opinions. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs In 1935 Abraham Maslow identified five categories of human needs: * Physiological needs (basic life supporting needs such as food and water) * Needs for safety and security (such as a stable, predictable and ordered environment without fear) * Social needs (such as the need for social interaction; belonging to a family or group) * Needs for recognition and esteem (such as the approval and respect of others; influence an power over others) * Needs for self realisation (in order to develop as a person fulfil one’s potential and achieve one’s goal) Although outdated, it is accurate and there is a lot of comparisons to this and how McDonalds operate, for instance McDonalds will try to recruit friends of the family or relatives because it creates a sense of friendship amongst the workers, furthermore McDonalds take their staff on monthly outings to socialise such as going bowling or to the pub, this allows the staff to get to know each other better hence creating a bond between them all. PEST factors are an important part of the recruitment process and has made the whole process more effective, politically changes in legislation, change in policies, may effect how McDonalds can recruit people, for instance there may be a change in the minimum age if it happened to rise, this means McDonalds would lose a large percentage of their employees and would have to spend a lot of money in hiring and recruiting new staff. Mirroring this the maximum age might increase, allowing McDonalds to take on more experienced workers. There may also be Trade restrictions and tariffs which limit how much the business is able to buy and sell, this may result in a reduction of staff if McDonalds have to lower their trading levels, furthermore McDonalds will have to adjust their recruitment process to the changes of the minimum wage, if this slowly increases then it may result in McDonalds recruiting a lower amount of staff, to make up for the money lost in the wage rise. Economic factor effects the change in employment figures, change in disposable income, changes in lifestyle, for instance if a branch is in an area where the cost of hiving is high, they may have less money to spend on take away food, and opt for cooking at home, which is generally cheaper. Additionally if there is a brand new food store opening close by, McDonalds may face fierce competition from them, because the public in general enjoy trying new things, they may find themselves becoming â€Å"bored† of McDonalds and opt for going to the new store for lunch instead, this can then result if a loss of income for a branch which may result in a cut of staff, however to counteract this McDonalds regularly create new meals, to keep customer interest and provide the public with a verity, for instance recently health has been brought up as a concern for McDonalds with a documentary called â€Å"super size me† highlighting the effect of eating fast food on a regular basis, as a result McDonalds has increased the amount of salad’s and nutritional menu’s, and have scrapped the super size meal. Additionally if Interest rates are increased in a certain area, it may mean result in short shortages, or McDonalds offer a lower basic wage to their staff, however in an area where the average household income is high, McDonalds may have to increase their basic wage to match other stores locally, to attract employees. Social factor effects people’s trends, family, culture, demographics, qualifications, for example if people are looking for healthier food, because McDonalds burgers has been in the media getting stick, its likely people will avoid McDonalds, during this period McDonalds may need to create a menu with more healthier foods such as salad, to help get back the customers, if McDonalds are getting a lower income they may have to cut down on their employee numbers. McDonalds may also look to open a store in an area where there has been a sign of an increase in the Population growth rate; this will not only create jobs for locals, but also be profitable for McDonalds. They will also target area’s where there is a high proportion of their target audience which is generally younger people with a reasonable amount of disposable income. Technological effects the advances in equipment, improved technology, news ways of working, this means when recruiting McDonalds may prefer taking on younger employees as in general they are able to work with and learn how to use computers and more technological equipment better then the older generation are. This technological revolution means a faster exchange of information beneficial for businesses as they can react quickly to changes within their operating environment. Those businesses, which are slow to react, will fall at the first few hurdles. Furthermore The Internet is having a profound impact on the strategy of organisations, no more so than McDonalds. McDonalds use their website to get the message across to their customers that they are healthy, all the nutritional values are available, as well as a section on how to stay healthy, their website is typically designed to attract their target audience. Interview Assessment Form Marking Criteria Mrs Carver Mr Checketts Appearance 8/10 6/10 Attitude 9/10 4/10 Personality 8/10 5/10 Education 8/10 7/10 Experience 10/10 8/10 Career Goals 8/10 4/10 How they handled the stress of the interview 10/10 3/10 Skills 7/10 6/10 Aptitude 9/10 5/10 For the poster to stand out its important that its bright and attractive, rather than using a white background I opted for using an image of the outside of a McDonalds store so people can straight away tell what it is, the big bright M, also grabs the attention of viewers, whilst gives the poster an identity. â€Å"McDonalds Recruiting† is in large Green Font so it stands out, it’s also on a yellow background, otherwise the text would be to hard to read against the image, the details of the job description and location is underneath so applicants are able to apply. Beneath this is two images, one showing the recognisable Ronald McDonald and a member of staff with a smiling customer, this gives the business a good image, as well say showing McDonalds operates around a friendly and cheerful atmosphere. The next image is the writing McDonalds against a scenic background, this stands out as it’s a contrast to the rest of the poster. However it’s effective as it’s attractive and relaxing, which is important, as it’s a generally busy looking poster.